the one who instituted it. It is founded on the famous rules (münâsebat) mentioned in the grammar books. For instance, a word cannot be governed by two other different words. The interrogative particle 'hal' will not wait patiently on seeing the verb, but desires to join with it. Also, the doer (fā'il) is powerful; it seizes for itself the nominative vowel point 'u'(ḍamma), which is strong. Each is a reflection and similitude of the laws in force in the universe and external world.

Note

The manifest wisdom in these rules of grammar and syntax has great value, even if it is less than that of the science of figurative speech. In short: the rules transform the transmitted sciences (ulûm-u nakliye), established through induction, into rational sciences (ulûm-u akliye).

The Eighth Matter

The Eighth Matter

With the figurative meanings being grafted and fecundated and the significations being transposed and transformed, the true meaning absorbs either the aim or one of the suspended meanings and draws it to itself. For when either of them enters into it, it is changed into the truth and fundament. The meaning, which is the word's true owner, assumes a vital form, and assists it, and seeks help from the secondary meanings. It is because of this that a single word may have numerous meanings. The transpositions and fecundations arise from this. Anyone who neglects this point, loses out on a significant point of eloquence.

Indication

If something is mounted on something, it takes the preposition 'on' ('alā), and if it puts something inside something like an envelope, it requires the preposition 'in' (fī), like in 'it travels in the sea (tajrī fi'l-baḥr).' And if something is an instrument, it requires the instrumental 'by' or 'with' (al-bā'). And since it is a place and mounted, it requires the prepositions 'in' (fī) and 'on'('alā): 'I