within its sphere. The above-mentioned philosopher said that when the truths of Islam burst forth, they swallowed up like flames the religions and ideas of that time as though they were dead wood. And it was right they they did, for nothing but falsehood proceeded from those religions. And so so.

Yes, Islam has preserved its truths for thirteen centuries despite all the clashes and confrontations. Indeed, the clashes have lessened and lightened the dust of concealment settled on the shoulders of the truths of Islam. Yes, existence and the state of the world testify to this. One needs to ponder over the Premises in the First Article above.

Misapprehension and Note

If you say: It's possible for one person to know all the sciences in summary.

The Answer: Yes and no, because the summaries are such that as with the points mentioned above, being employed appositely in suitable positions and fertile ground, they show like glass full knowledge of and proficiency in [the sciences] beyond them. Yes, if two people speak of the same matter, what they say will hint at the ignorance of one and the knowledge of the other.

Indication and Guidance and Note

Brother of conscience who has travelled with me in the imagination through the previous stopping places of this book! Take a broad look and weigh them up. Convene a high council in your imagination to judge them. Then summon your choice from the Twelve Premises to secure their presence. Then consult with the following rules.

One person cannot be an expert and proficient in numerous sciences. Also, when two people speak of the same matter, what they say differs. Also, the sciences are the product of the meeting of minds in the course of time. Also, something that is self-evident in the future, may have been hypothetical in the past. Also, what is known by the civilised may be unknown to the uncivilised. Also, it is a false analogy and misleading to compare the past to the future.