order to perpetuate the laws' effectiveness, they need a lawgiver to enforce them. Also, the lawgiver has to be superior materially (maddeten) and morally (mânen) so that he may preserve his inward and outward domination. And since he has been assigned certain duties by the world's Maker, worship is needed since it repeatedly recalls and instils in people's minds the idea of the Maker's grandeur, and ensures obedience to the lawgiver's position and relative power, and to his commands. And worship directs minds towards the Maker, and being directed in this way, induces submission, and such submission leads to the establishment of a perfect order. The perfect order is born of the mystery of wisdom, and the inner meaning of wisdom makes the absence of futility and the Maker's wisdom and the skilful art in creatures testify to itself.

Thus, if you have been able to understand these three ways in which humankind is privileged over the animals, the necessary conclusion is that prophethood is the pole of humanity; indeed, is its centre and pivot, for all human affairs turn on it. It is like this: consider carefully the upper aspect, see how the management of humankind and the insufficiency of the human being's natural inclinations and the faultiness of his views and mixing of doubts in the progress of his reason all make humankind extremely needy for a guide and teacher. Such teachers are the prophets. Then study the second aspect. It is as follows: man-made laws are in conformity neither with the stature of the human person's innate potentialities which have the ability to progress and are like the fruit of a branch of the world's tendency towards perfection, nor with his desire for infinity and the inclination towards aggression in his nature and the lack of restrictions on his faculties and hopes; man-made laws are lifeless and temporary. They have come into existence gradually through the meeting of minds and their products and experiments. Due to the inadequate training of and assistance for the seeds of those fruits of the human potentialities, there is need for a divine code of laws that will ensure human happiness materially and spiritually in this world and the next, and being living and eternal, will expand together with the development of the stature of the human potentialities. It is the Prophet who brings that code of laws, the Shari 'a.