certain proof in the Shari'a. The opinion of the mass of the people forms a fundamental principle in the Shari'a. The public wish is esteemed and respected in the Shari'a. [^130]

[^130]:Nursi, "Münâzarat (Ott. edn.)," in Asar-ı Bedi'iyye, 417.

On the question, "Some people say [constitutionalism] is contrary to the Shari'a?" being put to him, Bediuzzaman replied: "The spirit of constitutionalism is from the Shari'a. And its life is from it. But under force of circumstance it may be that some details fall temporarily contrary to it. Also, all situations that arise during the constitutional period do not necessarily arise from constitutionalism. And what is there that conforms to the Shari'a in every respect?" [^131]

[^131]:Ibid., 416.

Thus, Bediuzzaman's approach can be seen to be realistic. While in essence constitutionalism did not differ from Islamic principles, the extremely difficult circumstances of the time demanded a measured and balanced approach. It was a question of "making constitutionalism conform to the Shari'a meticulously and in a balanced manner taking into account what is required." [^132]

[^132]:Ibid., 417.

As for consultation, which, as is shown above, is enjoined by Islam, he frequently stressed it as a constituent of constitutionalism. He described it as "the key to the good fortune, felicity, and sovereignty of Islam" [^133] For due to the nature of constitutionalism, consultation is practised in all areas of the state and society. "Yes, this is the time of constitutionalism; consultation rules in everything." [^134] That is to say, when constitutionalism is adopted by a government, it spreads throughout the state and manifests itself as consultation, the supremacy of public opinion and consensus. These and their accompanying unity, co-operation, and brotherhood are fundamental to progress:

[^133]:Nursi, Divan-ı Harb-i Örfî, 41.

[^134]:Nursi, Muhâkemat, 20.

When constitutionalism falls to the lot of a government, the idea of freedom awakens constitutionalism in every respect. It gives birth to a sort of constitutionalism in every area and walk of life, according to the calling of each. It results in a sort of constitutionalism among the 'ulema, in the medreses, and among the students. Indeed, it inspires a particular constitutionalism and renewal in all walks of life. It is flashes of consultation, then, hinting of the sun of happiness, and inspiring desire, mutual attraction, and harmony, that have caused me to love the Constitutional Government so much. [^135]

[^135]:Nursi, "Münâzarat (Ott. edn.)," in Asar-ı Bedi'iyye, 411.